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Согласование времен

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#Английская грамматика
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В английском языке много времен. Гораздо больше, чем в русском. И для того, чтобы их как-то упорядочить и внести в систему логику, англичане придумали так называемое «Правило согласования времен». И его очень любят составители ОГЭ и ЕГЭ.

  

Правило заключается в том, что, если в предложении встречаются времена группы Present, то там вряд ли окажется Past. И, если мы захотим в этом предложении использовать будущее, то мы сможем использовать только will.

 

Например: в предложении He doesn’t know where he has put his glasses мы не можем использовать Past Simple во второй части, относящейся к прошлому, по этому самому правилу.  

Future-in-the-Past

А, если мы что-то говорим в временах группы Past, то в этом же предложении вряд ли окажется Present. Или will для выражения будущего. Англичане для выражения будущего, о котором говорится в прошлом (Он сказал, что пойдет в кино), придумали особое время – Future-in-the-Past (будущее в прошедшем). Оно формируется при помощи would.

 

He said he would go to the cinema. – Правильный перевод этого предложения. И во второй части мы не можем поставить will вместо would.  

Основное правило

  • Present tenses + will

  

I don’t know what we will do at the weekend. I don’t know who has written this. Нельзя: I don’t know what we would do at the weekend. I don’t know who wrote this.

 

  • Past tenses + would 

 

I didn’t know what we would do at the weekend. I didn’t know who had written this. Нельзя: I didn’t know what we will do at the weekend. I didn’t know who wrote this.

 

Правила согласования времён

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Тест по теме “Согласование времен”
Разбор:

Задания 19-24

Avengers: Endgame

  1. The world was plunged into sorrow. The part of the Avengers that remained alive began to think about how to return everyone who ________ (TURN) to dust by Thanos snapping his fingers.  
  2. The decision arose unexpectedly when Scott Lang, who ________ (SPEND) five years in the quantum world before, appeared at the threshold of the Avengers base. 
  3. Inspired by Scott Lang’s idea, Tony Stark, Bruce Banner, Natasha Romanoff, and Steve Rogers managed to build a time machine and go to different time periods in order to find alternative Infinity Stones and make a click that ________ (BRING) back the dead.  
  4. Now we see that the events of the film ______closely______ (INTERTWINE) with the plot of Infinity War, and the "Endgame" itself has become the last picture where the original six Avengers appear in full force. 

 

Spider-Man: Far From Home

  1. Peter Parker decided to leave heroism for a while and went with his ________ (CLASSMATE) on a summer vacation to Europe. But actually, there was no time to rest as Venice was attacked by a creature from a parallel universe.
  2. The enigmatic Mysterio helped Peter deal with it. As a result, the schoolboy and ________ (HE) new friend were invited to the new squad of superheroes to replace the Avengers. 

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово BRING так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Inspired by Scott Lang’s idea, Tony Stark, Bruce Banner, Natasha Romanoff, and Steve Rogers managed to build a time machine and go to different time periods in order to find alternative Infinity Stones and make a click that ________ back the dead.  

Текст 2(19-24)

  1. By the second half of the 15th century Moscow became the undisputed centre of a unified Russian state. During the reign of the grand prince of Moscow Inan III, the Kremlin _________ (ENLARGE) and it got brick walls more than a mile in length and in some places up to 60 feet (18 metres) high. 

 

  1. In 1534-38 the Kitay-gorod, previously __________ (PROTECT) only by earth banks and palisades, was also surrounded by a brick wall, with 12 towers. 

 

  1. The town __________ (GROW) and spread outside the walls to form what became known as the Bely Gorod (“White City”) in a semicircle around the Kremlin and Kitay-gorod. 

 

Albert Einstein 

 

  1. Most people probably know Albert Einstein as the most intelligent person who ever lived. His name ____________ (BECOME) part of many languages when we want to say someone is a genius, as in the phrase, “She’s a real Einstein”. 

 

  1. In 1999, Time magazine named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could have guessed this ___________ (HAPPEN) when he was at school. He was extremely interested in science but hated the system of learning by heart. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He had already done many experiments, but failed the entrance exams to a technical college. 

 

  1. He didn’t let this setback stop him. He eventually graduated from university, in 1900, with a degree in physics. Twelve years later he was a university professor and in 1921, he __________ (WIN) the Nobel Prize for Physics. He went on to publish over 300 scientific papers. 

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово HAPPEN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

In 1999, Time magazine named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could have guessed this ___________ when he was at school. He was extremely interested in science but hated the system of learning by heart. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He had already done many experiments, but failed the entrance exams to a technical college.

Текст 5(19-24)

Everyone wants a shiny smile

 

19. The perfect smile has created a multi-billion-dollar industry, but not all is shiny in this business. Dentists say that illegal whitening is putting people at risk of health problems, including burnt gums, lips and lost ____________ (TOOTH)

20. Statistics show a 26% increase in complaints ___________ (LATE) year from people with problems from whitening. Many of them used services of unqualified specialists. 

  

A cold nose       

 

21. Now we know why a dog’s nose is cold. Scientists __________ (TRY) to solve this mystery for many years. The scientists believe dogs’ noses are cold because dogs sense the temperature of things without touching them.  

22. They use their noses to detect temperature, when prey is nearby. Earlier it ___________ (BELIEVE) that dogs’ noses are cold to control their body temperature. Researchers did experiments on dogs, which had to detect the temperature of different objects. 

23. Brain activity in the dogs showed that they _________ (KNOW) which objects were warmer than others. So dogs adjust their behaviour according to the thermal radiation coming from warm bodies.

24. A researcher said this _________ (CHANGE) in the future scientists’ ideas on how animals hunt. Many animals may use heat-sensing abilities to hunt.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CHANGE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

A researcher said this _________ in the future scientists’ ideas on how animals hunt. Many animals may use heat-sensing abilities to hunt. 

Текст 6(19-24)

  1. A French man tried a new way to get a job. He _________ (PUT) his résumé on a billboard next to a busy road. It showed the man wearing a Santa Claus hat with a message: “Trilingual operations manager seeks position in tourism and leisure.” 

 

  1. The man _________ (NOT HAVE) to pay. He saved 2,000 euros because the company that owns the billboard decided to give the space for free. 

 

  1. About 70,000 people a day could see the CV-from their car. This idea worked. A holiday resort gave ____________ (HE) a job. He started it ten days after putting his résumé on the billboard.

 

No more public phones  

 

  1. The end is coming for New York’s public payphones. New York City officials said workers __________ (REMOVE) all public payphones from the city’s streets soon. Payphones used to be everywhere in the city — on every street corner and in every park and public place. 

 

  1. Many New Yorkers probably won’t even notice the phones are going. Most younger people __________ (NOT SEE) one since birth. They may even have to read the instructions to use a phone. 

 

  1. Modern technology means the public phones aren’t needed. Additionally, they take up sidewalk space that could __________ (GOOD) serve people with disabilities and families with children in strollers.  

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово REMOVE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

The end is coming for New York’s public payphones. New York City officials said workers __________ all public payphones from the city’s streets soon. Payphones used to be everywhere in the city — on every street corner and in every park and public place. 

Текст 11(19-24)

Nessie 

19. There is a legendary monster that people say lives in the deep Loch Ness lake in the north of Scotland. It is called the Loch Ness Monster, or “Nessie” for short. It looks like a dinosaur, with a small head on a long neck and humps on its back. People first __________ (SEE) Nessie in 1933. 

20. Since then, there __________ (BE) many sightings and a few photographs. Now, scientists from New Zealand will use a special technique to see if there really is a Loch Ness Monster. 

21. A research team try to find some of Nessie’s DNA. Professor Gemmell said this _________ (SHOW) if the monster really existed or not.

 

Insect milk  


22. It might not be everyone’s cup of tea, but scientists say cockroach milk could become a new type of superfood. Insect dairy could be the next big thing on supermarket ___________ 
(SHELF) and in our diets. Scientists say insect milk could be a perfect non-dairy alternative to cow’s milk, no matter how hard it might be for us to accept milk from bugs. 

23. Scientists studied the nutritional value of the milk from the Pacific Beetle cockroach. ___________ (FAR) research discovered that the milk was much richer in nutrients than dairy milk. 

24. Some valuable amino acids and proteins _________ (FIND) in the crystals of cockroach milk last year.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово SHOW так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. 

 

A research team try to find some of Nessie’s DNA. Professor Gemmell said this _________ if the monster really existed or not. 

Текст 12(19-24)

  1. A French swimmer will try to become the ______________ (ONE) person to swim across the Pacific Ocean. Ben Lecomte, 51, set off from Japan on Tuesday on his superhuman task of crossing the ocean. He will have to swim for eight hours a day to reach his target on the west coast of the USA. 

 

  1. He will also have to face many dangers. There will be sharks, jellyfish, storms, rough seas, and very low water|_temperatures. In 1998, Lecomte made the solo trans-Atlantic swim. It __________ (TAKE) him 73 days to cover the 6,400 km. 

 

  1. When he reached dry land, he _________ (NOT WANT) to do such experiments again but obviously he-changed his mind. 

 

Jobs for robots 

 

  1. Robots are taking over more and more aspects of our lives, and jobs. The __________ (LATE) occupation to feel threatened by the march of technology is carpentry. For thousands of years, skilled carpenters have made furniture from wood. 

 

  1. However, the next generation of master craftsmen may be robots, not humans. Researchers _________ (INVENT) a robot recently that can create customized wooden furniture. 

 

  1. They said the robots ____________ (NOT REPLACE) humans. The researchers said the goal of their project was to let robots do the more dangerous tasks, so carpenters could focus on design. 

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово NOT REPLACE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста. 

 

They said the robots ____________ humans. The researchers said the goal of their project was to let robots do the more dangerous tasks, so carpenters could focus on design.   

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