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Passive Voice. А что выберешь ты: быть ответственным за действие или уйти от неё?

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В этой статье мы изучим правила образования пассивного залога, а также узнаем, какие правила построения нам необходимо знать только на ЕГЭ, а в частности для задания №19-24.  

 

По кодификатору на сайте ФИПИ прописано «Употреблять в речи глаголы в следующих формах страдательного залога: Present Simple Passive, Past Simple Passive, Present Perfect Passive».  

   

Самые распространенные времена страдательного залога для подстановки в раздел «Грамматика и лексика» на экзамене – Present Simple Passive и Past Simple Passive. Остальные встречаются в заданиях довольно редко, но учить их тоже надо.   

 

В чем разница активного и пассивного залога?  

  

В активном залоге действие выполняет подлежащее, а в пассивном залоге – объект подвергается действию.



Случаи использования

  • Когда агент (человек, который выполняет действие) неизвестен, не важен или очевиден из контекста

  

My car was stolen yesterday. (Неизвестно) 

The road repairs were completed last week. (Не важно)  

 

  • Сделать высказывание более вежливым

  

My new suit has been burnt. (Это более вежливо, чем сказать «you have burnt my new suit»)

   

  • Когда действие более важно, чем человек, который его совершил (как в новостях, официальных уведомлениях, инструкциях, процессах, заголовках, рекламных объявлениях)

  

The local park was robbed this morning. (Новости)

Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (Процесс)

Слова-маркеры

Если мы хотим указать, что какое-то лицо или что-то другое совершило действие в пассивном залоге, мы используем предлог by для одушевленных предметов (с неодушевленными тоже можно). Предлог with – для неодушевленных предметов.

 

It was made by Alan.     

Это было сделано Аланом.    

 

The living room was filled with smoke.  

Гостиная была наполнена дымом.

Present Simple Passive

Подлежащее + am/is/are + Ved/3 

  

Present Simple Passive употребляется в тех же случаях, что и Present Simple Active, – для привычных, каждодневных действий или фактов. 

 

The animals are fed every day.  

Past Simple Passive

Подлежащее + was/were + Ved/3 

   

Past Simple Passive употребляется в тех же случаях, что и Past Simple Active, – для простых действий, произошедших в прошлом.

  

The letter were written in the morning.  

Present Perfect Passive

Подлежащее + have/has + been + Ved/3 

   

Обозначает действие, совершившееся к настоящему моменту и важное для нас сейчас. Или начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся до сих пор.

 

The animals are have been fed already.  

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Тест по теме “Passive Voice. А что выберешь ты: быть ответственным за действие или уйти от неё?”
Разбор:

Задания 19-24

Avengers: Endgame

  1. The world was plunged into sorrow. The part of the Avengers that remained alive began to think about how to return everyone who ________ (TURN) to dust by Thanos snapping his fingers.  
  2. The decision arose unexpectedly when Scott Lang, who ________ (SPEND) five years in the quantum world before, appeared at the threshold of the Avengers base. 
  3. Inspired by Scott Lang’s idea, Tony Stark, Bruce Banner, Natasha Romanoff, and Steve Rogers managed to build a time machine and go to different time periods in order to find alternative Infinity Stones and make a click that ________ (BRING) back the dead.  
  4. Now we see that the events of the film ______closely______ (INTERTWINE) with the plot of Infinity War, and the "Endgame" itself has become the last picture where the original six Avengers appear in full force. 

 

Spider-Man: Far From Home

  1. Peter Parker decided to leave heroism for a while and went with his ________ (CLASSMATE) on a summer vacation to Europe. But actually, there was no time to rest as Venice was attacked by a creature from a parallel universe.
  2. The enigmatic Mysterio helped Peter deal with it. As a result, the schoolboy and ________ (HE) new friend were invited to the new squad of superheroes to replace the Avengers. 

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово TURN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

The world was plunged into sorrow. The part of the Avengers that remained alive began to think about how to return everyone who ________ to dust by Thanos snapping his fingers.  

Задания 19-24

Avengers: Endgame

  1. The world was plunged into sorrow. The part of the Avengers that remained alive began to think about how to return everyone who ________ (TURN) to dust by Thanos snapping his fingers.  
  2. The decision arose unexpectedly when Scott Lang, who ________ (SPEND) five years in the quantum world before, appeared at the threshold of the Avengers base. 
  3. Inspired by Scott Lang’s idea, Tony Stark, Bruce Banner, Natasha Romanoff, and Steve Rogers managed to build a time machine and go to different time periods in order to find alternative Infinity Stones and make a click that ________ (BRING) back the dead.  
  4. Now we see that the events of the film ______closely______ (INTERTWINE) with the plot of Infinity War, and the "Endgame" itself has become the last picture where the original six Avengers appear in full force. 

 

Spider-Man: Far From Home

  1. Peter Parker decided to leave heroism for a while and went with his ________ (CLASSMATE) on a summer vacation to Europe. But actually, there was no time to rest as Venice was attacked by a creature from a parallel universe.
  2. The enigmatic Mysterio helped Peter deal with it. As a result, the schoolboy and ________ (HE) new friend were invited to the new squad of superheroes to replace the Avengers. 

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово INTERTWINE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Now we see that the events of the film ______closely______ with the plot of Infinity War, and the "Endgame" itself has become the last picture where the original six Avengers appear in full force.

Задания 19-24

World Cup 2022 in Qatar

  1. Qatar is poised to host the ______ (ONE) World Cup in the Middle East in the tournament's 92-year-history.
  2. Almost all of the three million tickets available _______already_______ (SELL) with the country expecting 1.2 million visitors for the tournament, which takes place from 20 November to 18 December.
  3. Qatar is the smallest host nation in World Cup history, with a population of around three million _______ (LIVE) in an area approximately half the size of Wales.
  4. It will be a compact event with the eight stadiums separated by roughly an hour's drive and 43 miles at most, with 110 metro trains and 4,000 ______ (BUS) to ferry fans around.

 

What is climate change?

 

  1. Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. Climate change is a shift in those average conditions. The rapid climate change _________ (CAUSE) by humans using oil, gas and coal for their homes, factories and transport.
  2. When these fossil fuels burn, they release greenhouse gases - mostly carbon dioxide (CO2). Then ______ (THIS) gases trap the Sun's heat and cause the planet's temperature to rise.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово SELL так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Almost all of the three million tickets available _______already_______ with the country expecting 1.2 million visitors for the tournament, which takes place from 20 November to 18 December.

Задания 19-24

World Cup 2022 in Qatar

  1. Qatar is poised to host the ______ (ONE) World Cup in the Middle East in the tournament's 92-year-history.
  2. Almost all of the three million tickets available _______already_______ (SELL) with the country expecting 1.2 million visitors for the tournament, which takes place from 20 November to 18 December.
  3. Qatar is the smallest host nation in World Cup history, with a population of around three million _______ (LIVE) in an area approximately half the size of Wales.
  4. It will be a compact event with the eight stadiums separated by roughly an hour's drive and 43 miles at most, with 110 metro trains and 4,000 ______ (BUS) to ferry fans around.

 

What is climate change?

 

  1. Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. Climate change is a shift in those average conditions. The rapid climate change _________ (CAUSE) by humans using oil, gas and coal for their homes, factories and transport.
  2. When these fossil fuels burn, they release greenhouse gases - mostly carbon dioxide (CO2). Then ______ (THIS) gases trap the Sun's heat and cause the planet's temperature to rise.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CAUSE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. Climate change is a shift in those average conditions. The rapid climate change _________ by humans using oil, gas and coal for their homes, factories and transport.

Задания 19-24

FC Rubin Kazan

 

  1. Football club "Rubin" was founded in 1958 on the basis of the plant named after Gorbunov - one of the ________ (LARGE) enterprises in the aviation industry of the USSR.
  2. Initially, the main football team of Kazan was called "Iskra". The club ________ (GIVE) its modern name in 1965. Almost all seasons, from the birth of the club to the collapse of the USSR, “Rubin” played in the second allied league, occasionally rising and then falling back.
  3. However, in 2002, Rubin, unexpectedly for everyone, ________ (WIN) the first division tournament and received a ticket to the Premier League.

 

The origin of football

 

  1. England _________ (CONSIDER) the birthplace of modern football, since the term itself and the first rules were adopted there.
  2. The first Sheffield football team originated in the city of Dronfield in 1857 from among the members of the cricket club. In 1860 the first football match was played between ______ (THEY) and Hallam players.
  3. In 1863, the Football Association was created in Great Britain. New rules of the game were prescribed, and now the participants and even the goalkeeper had to play exclusively with their __________ (FOOT).

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово GIVE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Initially, the main football team of Kazan was called "Iskra". The club ________  its modern name in 1965. Almost all seasons, from the birth of the club to the collapse of the USSR, “Rubin” played in the second allied league, occasionally rising and then falling back.

Задания 19-24

The origin of International Day of Human Space Flight

 

  1. On April 12, 1961, the first manned flight into space took place - it was made by Yuri Gagarin. This historic event ________ (PAVE) the way for space exploration.
  2. In honor of the __________ (FIFTY) anniversary of human spaceflight, on April 7, 2011, the General Assembly proclaimed April 12 as International Day of Human Space Flight.
  3. The sponsors of the relevant resolution expressed their deep conviction that the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes __________ (BENEFIT) all mankind.

 

Economy of Finland

 

  1. Finland’s economy __________ (BASE) primarily on private ownership and free enterprise; in some sectors, however, the government exercises a monopoly or a leading role. After World War II, Finland was not fully industrialized, and a large portion of the population was still engaged in agriculture, mining, and forestry.
  2. During the early postwar decades, primary production gave way to industrial development, which in turn yielded to a service- and information-oriented economy. The economy grew rapidly in the 1980s as the country exploited _________ (IT) strong trading relations with both eastern and western Europe.
  3. By the early 1990s, however, Finland was experiencing economic recession, _________ (REFLECT) both the loss of its principal trading partner with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and a general European economic slump. The economy began a slow recovery in the mid-1990s as Finland continued retooling its industry and refocused its trade primarily toward western Europe.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово BASE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

Finland’s economy __________ primarily on private ownership and free enterprise; in some sectors, however, the government exercises a monopoly or a leading role. After World War II, Finland was not fully industrialized, and a large portion of the population was still engaged in agriculture, mining, and forestry.

Задания 19-24

Khinkali 

  1. Khinkali is an extremely popular Georgian dumpling made of twisted knobs of dough, _________ (STUFF) with meat and spices. It is considered to be one of the national dishes of Georgia.
  2. Different regions of Georgia make khinkali with different fillings. The _________ (POPULAR) filling is a pork or beef mix. In the mountains, khinkali is often made with a lamb filling. Fillings can also include Imeretian cheese mixed with cottage cheese; mushrooms; and mashed potato. City versions include kalakuri khinkali (with thinly chopped parsley) and khevsuruli khinkali (without parsley).
  3. There is an art of eating Khinkali. The doughy top, where the pleats all meet, is never eaten, but used as a handle for holding the hot dumplings and is left on the plate to show how many dumplings ____________ (EAT).

You’ve definitely tasted this dish!

  1. Sushi is one of the most widely-eaten dishes across the country. Even the least-adventurous diners among _________ (WE) have likely at least tried a sushi roll such as a California roll – and thanks to the continuous spirit of innovation among chefs, there are always new rolls and dishes to try.
  2. This centuries-old Japanese staple __________ (BECOME) a modern classic, and there are now hundreds of different sushi rolls you can try – with new rolls being created every day.
  3. From sushi using non-traditional ingredients such as raw and cooked beef, to other modern innovations like sushi bowls and sushi burritos, chefs all around the country __________constantly ___________ (TRY) new things.

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово EAT так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

 

There is an art of eating Khinkali. The doughy top, where the pleats all meet, is never eaten, but used as a handle for holding the hot dumplings and is left on the plate to show how many dumplings ____________.

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